What Is the Significance of Modern Day York, England to the Roman Empire?

Tang WK

York's history

York's turbulent history can be traced back nearly 2,000 years. It begins in earnest in AD71 when the Romans, at the elevation of their powers, conquered the Celtic tribes known as the Brigantes and founded Eboracum which, by the 4th century, was the capital of lower Britain.

In the seventh century, known equally Eoferwic, it was the chief urban center of the Anglo-Saxon King Edwin of Northumbria and, two centuries later as Jorvik, it became an important trading center for the Vikings.

The urban center was ravaged by William the Conqueror, merely by the Middle Ages information technology had again become an important commercial centre.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Tudor and Stuart kings were among its visitors, in Georgian times it was the social capital of the north, and in the 19th century, with the coming of the railway, its industrial future was assured.

Today, while trade and industry are withal of import, it is the preservation of its long and varied history which has brought it globe fame. For here, visitors can non only hear almost England's history, they can actually see it and walk in it.

York is truly ageless - a urban center for all time and all people.

Eboracum : Roman York

In AD71, the Roman Governor of U.k. , Quintus Petilius Cerealis, led his troops northwards from Lincoln to invade 'Brigantia'. Recognising a expert military strongpoint, he based his camp at the juncture of two rivers, the Ouse and the Foss.

Having conquered the Brigantes, the Ninth Legion built a fortress on the site of their camp and called it Eboracum. On the departure of the Ninth Legion in AD120, the Sixth Legion took command of the fortress which eventually enclosed 50 acres and housed a garrison of several chiliad soldiers.

New roads were constructed, a civilian boondocks grew up outside the fortress walls and Eboracum became the capital of Lower Uk and a leading urban center of the Roman Empire.

Several Emperors visited Eboracum and Severus held his Imperial Court there until he died in AD211. In AD306, Emperor Constantius Chlorus died in Eboracum and was succeeded by Constantine, his son. Constantine the Bang-up as he became known was proclaimed Emperor and the declaration is thought to have been held on the site of the present Minster. Constantine went on to found Constantinople and was the showtime Christian Emperor of Rome.

The Legions, who occupied Eboracum until around AD410, had their headquarters where the Minster stands today and, during restoration work, Roman remains were discovered beneath it. These included a 31 foot Roman pillar which was re-erected and can now be seen most the Minster's South Entrance.

Eoferwic : Anglo-Saxon York

After the Romans withdrew from United kingdom in the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons began their invasion.

Eventually York would get Eoferwic and, under the rule of Edwin, King of Northumbria, information technology became an important religious center. In fact, Edwin was instrumental in re-introducing Christianity to the city and was baptised at Eoferwic.

Edwin married the Christian Princess Ethelberga of Kent who came north with her Chaplain, Bishop Paulinus. He baptised Edwin and many of his subjects on April 12 627, at one of the city'south wells where a niggling wooden church had been congenital for them to worship in. This was the first cathedral of St Peter in York, with Paulinus as its first Bishop in the nowadays continuous line.

Christianity also brought learning to York. In the 8th century, the slap-up scholar Alcuin was Master of the School of St Peter which received students from all over Europe. Past the time he left United kingdom to get Master of Emperor Charlemagne'south Palace School at Aachen, Eoferwic was the most important centre of learning in this part of U.k..

Jorvik : Viking York

The Kingdom of Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the Vikings raided and captured York in 866.

Ten years afterwards the Danish Male monarch Halfdan shared out the lands of Northumbria from his capital, Jorvik, and the former warriors settled down to a peaceful existence.

Jorvik became a major river port, part of the all-encompassing Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The final Danish ruler of Jorvik, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the town in the twelvemonth 965 by Rex Eadred of Wessex who succeeded in uniting Northumbria with the southern kingdom. Merely for another hundred years, the north was largely ruled past earls of both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian blood.

During 1065-66, following rebellion of the local earls, there came invasion by the Norwegians and the defeat of their army at Stamford Span. But a few weeks after, the victor, King Harold II of England was himself defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings by the Normans when William the Conqueror invaded the country.

Norman and Medieval York

William the Conqueror came to York in 1069 to subdue rebellion in the north. He ruthlessly pursued a policy of scorched earth, causing neat devastation. The Domesday Book, William's census of 1086, records that 'at that place was not a blade of grass between the Rivers Trent and Tweed '.

In fourth dimension, still, York began to prosper. The Minster was rebuilt, and soon at that place were over xl parish churches, an abbey, priories, friaries and religious hospitals. York was one time again becoming a profitable port and centre of trade, particularly in wool.

King Henry I granted the merchants and craftsmen the city's first Charter, confirming their trading rights both in England and in Europe.

Past the Centre Ages, over a hundred crafts were being practised, each with its own Gild (the original spelling). The wealthiest and most powerful of these was the Visitor of Merchant Adventurers, the gild of overseas trading. Several gilds were still in beingness, or take been refounded. These include the Merchant Adventurers, Merchant Taylors, Butchers, Cordwainers, Freemen, Surveyors, Building, Staple and the Royal Society of St George.

Medieval York was the second largest and most important city in England. The existing rock walls which surround information technology, and the Confined (medieval gateways), were built during this time. Kings and Queens were frequent visitors and the Dukedom of York began to exist conferred on the sovereign'southward second son (equally information technology still is today).

Henry Iii'due south sister and girl were both married in the Minster to Kings of Scotland, and in 1328 King Edward III married Philippa. (The last Royal hymeneals in the Minster was in 1961 when the Duke and Duchess of Kent were married there).

Richard II gave the city its first Sword of Land, honoured its denizen number one with the title of Lord Mayor and created York a county in its ain right. In 1397 the city staged a Purple Functioning of the York Mystery Plays for the King - these religious plays were given by the Guilds and have since been revived with performances in mod York every four years during the York Festival.

Edward 4 did not favour York considering of its Lancastrian sympathies at certain stages during the Wars of the Roses. However, his brother Richard, Knuckles of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III, had a nifty affection for the city and was a frequent visitors. Information technology was at York in 1483 that his young son Edward was created Prince of Wales with much pomp and ceremony.

The Age of Decline

All great cities undergo a period of refuse during their history and York 's occurred during Tudor times.

This was when the wool industry became less important to York, trade drifted towards London and, in 1533, Henry VIII broke with Rome and set himself up as head of the church in England; York as an established religious centre suffered profoundly. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536 and York lost its abbey, priories, friaries and not bad religious hospitals. Their sacred treasures were stolen or destroyed and, although the Minster survived, many of its priceless treasures were found lost to the city. At the same time many of the houses in York which were owned by the church were seized past the Crown and sold to imperial officials and London Merchants.

Henry did, however, practice York a great service when he fix the Council of the Northward in the former house of the Abbot of St. Mary's. This was now the administrative centre for the North and helped York to go an important urban center one time once again.

The Ceremonious war

During the reign of Elizabeth I, the Council of the North increased in importance and with it, York'southward revival and influence gathered momentum. The Abbot'due south lodging, now renamed King's Estate, was restored and both James I and Charles I stayed in that location during visits to York. Charles even set the Royal Mint nearby and established his printing press in St. William's Higher. However, it soon became apparent that Civil War was inevitable and Charles left York in 1642.

Two years later on, in April 1644, the Parliamentarians besieged York, just with the arrival of Charles' nephew, Prince Rupert, with an ground forces of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted.

The retreating Parliamentarians were chased to Marston Moor, half dozen miles from York. Unfortunately for Rupert, they turned on his army and he was devastatingly defeated. Rupert's army limped back to York and the siege was renewed.

But the city could not hold out for long, and on July 15 the Governor, Sir Thomas Glemham, surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax who gave orders to his troops that nothing was to exist destroyed.

Georgian York - social capital of the North

Following the removal of the Royal Garrison from York in 1688, the city was gradually dominated past the local aristocracy and gentry. While trade and manufacturing were in refuse, York 's function every bit the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise.

Many elegant townhouses appeared, notably in Micklegate, Blossom Street and Bootham. Public edifice besides enjoyed a boom and included the Assembly Rooms, Assize Courts and Female Prison house, every bit well as numerous hospitals.

Coffeehouses became pop gathering places and so did the new Racecourse. York'due south start paper, the York Mercury, was printed in 1719. Among its population York could now count a growing group of talented writers, artists and craftsmen.

Georgian York saw a cracking improvement in coach services to and from the urban center. The former four twenty-four hours journey to London took only 20 hours by the 1830s. And it was soon to take much less time, with the coming of the railway.

The Railway Historic period to the nowadays day

An entrepreneur named George Hudson was largely responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. 10 years later Hudson 's dubious dealings had brought him disgrace. By this time York was a major railway centre, and at the plough of the century the railway employed over 5,500 people.

The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works and Terry's Confectionery Works.

These onetime minor city shops became nifty factories and along with the railway are notwithstanding amidst the city'southward biggest employers.

In the Victorian era there was a rapid rise in the building of new churches, public buildings, banks, offices, schools and colleges, and in contempo years one of the most progressive projects was the new University which opened in 1963.

With the escalation of tourism in England it soon became clear that ancient York was the city's ain major asset, and in 1968 the unabridged celebrated core of York was designated a conservation area.

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York��due south attractions

Due to time limit spending in York, I would recommend nosotros take the following route for visit:

Step inside the gothic splendour of York Minster, browse around the medieval shopping streets of Stonegate and the Shambles. Revel in York's Roman heritage at the Yorkshire Museum, explore Viking York at JORVIK.

If you still have fourth dimension, you may have a cruise along the River Ouse with YorkBoat, or to walk on the city walls and discover York's imperial history of kings, princes and England'southward Christian history. Visit the fascinating National Railway Museum, York Castle Museum and York Dungeon.

1) York Minster

The largest Medieval Gothic cathedral north of the Alps and a treasure house of 800 years of stained drinking glass. Explore the history below your feet in the Undercroft and enjoy magnificent views from the tower elevation. Open daily subject field to services. Delight check in accelerate to avoid disappointment.

Adult: £ five.00
Child: Free
Concession: £ 3.l (£4 equally of 25 April 2006 )
Combined ticket (includes Minster and Undercroft, Treasury & Crypt)
Adults: £7.00
Concessions: £5.00

Open all the time: Easter - October Half Term Monday - Sat nine:00 - 17:00 Sun 12:00 - 15:45 Oct Half Term - Easter Monday - Sat 09:thirty - 17:00 Dominicus 12:00 - 15:45 Service simply on Proficient Friday, Easter Sunday and Christmas Day. All opening times subject to services.

2) JORVIK

At JORVIK Viking Centre travel back over 1000 years and visit the Vikings of JORVIK. Explore York 's Viking history exactly where our archaeologists found the remains of the original Viking-Age City of 'Jorvik'. Journeying through the reconstruction of Viking-Age streets, as they would take been in the year 975AD. Encounter over 800 of the items discovered on site and run into the famous JORVIK Vikings in our exciting exhibitions:

Artefacts Alive: Bout 40,000 Viking-Age discoveries guided by holographic talking Viking Ghosts in this footing-breaking new exhibition. You will be amazed what y'all will learn using new 'good' interactive Information technology installations, which delve into the details of Viking life.

Unearthed: Discover the secrets of basic. Picture Viking life, death, boxing, diet and disease through the examination of 10 - 11th century basic.

NEW exhibition for Summer 2007: Are you a Viking?

Adult - £7.45
Senior Denizen/ Student £6.30
Child £5.25
Family of 4 £21.95
Family of five £26.50

Season Dates and Opening Hours
Flavour Dates	Opening Hours
Sun i Apr 2007 - Wed 31 October 2007	Mon - Lord's day 09:30 to 17:00
Thu 1 November 2007 - Monday 31 Mar 2008	Monday - Sunday 10:00 to 16:00
Christmas Day	closed

three) Yorkshire Museum

Walk in the footsteps of Romans and observe a land pillaged by Vikings. See beasts turned to rock from a time when dinosaurs ruled the planet. Discover the jewels of Kings and the spoils of state of war. Welcome to the Yorkshire Museum & Gardens, one of England 'southward first and finest. Yorkshire Museum & Gardens are a office of the York Museums Trust.

Adult £5.00
Kid £3.50
Nether v's - Free
Concessions - £four.00
Residents with a York Card - Gratis
Two adults with 1 kid - £12 (£3 per kid afterward that)

Season Dates and Opening Hours
Season Dates	Opening Hours
Sun 1 Apr 2007 - Friday ane Jan 2010	Mon - Sun 10:00 to 17:00
Christmas Twenty-four hours, Boxing Day	closed
New year's day's 24-hour interval	closed

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The Bridges of York -- Ouse Bridge , Lendal Bridge , Skeldergate Bridge

The oldest bridge to span the River Ouse was on the site of the present Ouse Bridge as early on as the ninth century. An incident occurred in 1154 when a large crowd had gathered on the bridge to welcome Archbishop William to York . The stone span collapsed under their considerable weight, but not ane person who fell into the river was drowned. This was a phenomenon! Archbishop William went on to go a Saint and had a time to come chapel named in his honour.

The replacement bridge was a fine construction, supported by 6 arches it was lined from bank to bank with houses, shops, a price booth, courthouse, prison, and the chapel defended to St William. In 1367, the showtime public toilets in England were installed on the bridge.

During the extreme conditions conditions of 1564, a terrible winter followed by massive thaws and flooding, the bridge all just collapsed and the buildings were swept abroad. The new bridge was built much higher, to combat future flooding and also to increment admission for more water traffic. Supported on 2 cardinal arches, it still held houses and public buildings along its length. All was well for the adjacent 250 years or then, until repairs were desperately needed, and the Corporation decided to replace it. The nowadays bridge was begun in 1810 and took 11 years to complete. For its first few years it was a cost bridge to recover some of the costs of the extensive piece of work. The first vehicles to cantankerous the Ouse free of charge were carrying equipment and timber to be used in the repair of the Minster afterwards the burn of 1829, started by the religious fanatic, Jonathan Martin.

2 Victorian bridges followed in mid - tardily 19th century, the kickoff existence Lendal bridge in 1861; built for better admission to the increasingly busy and expanding railway station. It was built by Thomas Page, (who also designed

Skeldergate Bridge and Westminster bridge in London ) and incorporates on its ironwork the cross keys of the Diocese of York, the White Rose of York, the York Coat of Arms, and a blueprint with V and A intertwined, for Victoria and Albert. This position on the river had previously been crossed using a ferry service from Barker Tower to Lendal Tower . The ferryman was put out of business organization past the new bridge and received bounty of fifteen pounds and a equus caballus and cart.

A toll organisation was immediately introduced to pay for the costs, remaining until 1894. The toll booths are still in place on the bridge, but have since been used to house souvenir shops and cafes.

Skeldergate Bridge followed 20 years later, also built where a ferry service had operated, the original design of this bridge was altered at the planning stage to open, every bit information technology was non high plenty to let in taller ships. It was last opened in 1975, and the winding mechanism has since been removed. The Scarborough rails span is as well a pedestrian walk across the river Ouse, congenital in 1845 it underwent much comeback when the present railway station was under construction. It was raised in height and the tracks were re-laid and strengthened. The pedestrian path, which originally had been betwixt the tracks, was considered unsafe and was moved to the side of the span. There are a few small bridges spanning the narrow Foss, at Castle Mills and Piccadilly, they are not specially noteworthy. My personal favourite of all the York bridges is the one which joins Fossgate to Walmgate - Foss Bridge . A charming little arched and balustraded span, built in 1811 it replaced an earlier stone bridge which was crammed with houses. The tenants were forbidden from having windows to the river side of the properties to forestall rubbish being tossed into the river.

Information technology is suggested that at that place has been a bridge on this site since the times of the Vikings, most probable true as contempo earthworks has taken place along Walmgate, uncovering the foundations of Viking homes.

The latest of the bridges to bridge the York Rivers was built to commemorate the Millennium; it is a pedestrian/wheel bridge linking Fulford to Clementhorpe. Due south of Skeldergate Bridge, it is a modern stainless steel construction. The idea of local people, it was paid for by the Lottery fund, local council and local businesses and was opened by the Duke of York, Prince Andrew in Apr 2001.

Source:

http://www.york-tourism.co.united kingdom/information/

http://www.york.gov.uk/

City map of York , with the three recommended places for visit circled and the three bridges boxed in black

mcgawcolood.blogspot.com

Source: http://www.cultus.hk/his5532_07/Etour/York_Tang%20WK.html

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